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Biography of Lucas Cranach the Elder - 1521 Words

Professed painter of the Reformation, Lucas Cranach the Elder created many pieces of artwork during his career, but his work that sprouted from the end of the Renaissance and beginning of the Reformation was truly inspiring (Johnson). Judith with the Head of Holofernes, an inspiring oil on panel by Cranach, impacted society in multiple ways that would remain influential even after his death. Cranachs work played a critical role in the beginning of the Reformation and pleased the royal court in Germany during the mid 1500s, which allowed him to rise as an artist and support dangerous organizations in his spare time. This enthralling artists specific piece was the beginning of a religious motif that would appear in his later works and†¦show more content†¦Because of the corruption in the Catholic Church and the Saxon Courts support for such a violent and misleading community, Cranachs choice to paint the biblical story of Judith with a spin that highlights seduction, showin g more skin in her appearance than other works and even highlighting it with multiple necklaces and aristocrat clothing that may have been worn in the court, the painting almost displays Cranachs form of political resistance (Zucker and Harris). The story behind this painting is a Biblical tale about a strong heroine named Judith, who was known for her bravery and resistance against the Assyrian troops that come to assume control over her people. In this story, Judith uses her wit and seduction to ease her way into the Assyrian troops camp and continue with a genius plan to execute the Assyrian General, Holofernes. She seduces him, and once he is drunk, beheads him in his own tent, with his own soldiers all around him oblivious (Branch). Judith was able to defeat the enemy and resist what could have been the end of many Israelites lives. Cranachs choice suggested a political resistance that required a bravery similar to that of Judiths. Small details in the painting such as the bodice of the dress and Judiths jewelry show Cranachs love for a decorative surface, as well as theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Art Throughout History2129 Words   |  9 Pagesand biography) were both inaccessible and unreadable by the overwhelming majority of humanity during this Humanist period in terms of the history of art even after the invention of the printing press (outside of what is now China) by the German polymath Johannes Gutenberg in the 1440`s. Indeed it must also be conjectured as to the distribution of works which are now considered essential in the esoteric world of the art historian: †¢ Ghiberti`s I Commetarii (1455); †¢ Antonio Manetti`s biography of Filippo

Holocaust (4428 words) Essay Example For Students

Holocaust (4428 words) Essay Holocaust(1)INTRODUCTION The Holocaust is the most horrifying crime against humanity of alltimes. Hitler, in an attempt to establish the pure Aryan race, decidedthat all mentally ill, gypsies, non supporters of Nazism, and Jews were to beeliminated from the German population. He proceeded to reach his goal in asystematic scheme. One of his main methods of doing away withthese undesirable was through the use of concentration camps. In January 1941, in a meeting with his top officials the final solutionwas decided. Jews were to be eliminated from the population. Auschwitz wasthe concentration camp that carried out Hitlers final solution ingreater numbers than any other. In this paper I will discuss concentration campswith a detailed description of the most well- known one, Auschwitz. (2)CONCENTRATION CAMPS The first concentration camps were set up in 1933. In theearly days of Hitler, concentration camps were places that held people inprotective custody. Victims for protective custody included those who were bothphysically and mentally ill, gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovah Witnesses, Jews andanyone against the Nazi regime. Gypsies were classified as people withatleast two gypsy great grandparents. By the end of 1933 there wereatleast fifty concentration camps throughout occupied Europe. At first,the camps were controlled by the Gestapo (police), but by 1934 the S.S. (Hitlers personal security force) were ordered, by Hitler, to control thecamps. Camps were set up for different purposes. Some for forced labor,others for medical experiments and, later on, for death/ extermination. Transition camps were set up as holding places for death camps. HenrickHimmler, chief of the German police, the Gestapo, thought that the camps wouldprovide an economic base for the soldiers. This did not happen. The workforce was poorly organized and working conditions were inhumane. Therefore,productivity was minimal. Camps were set up along railroad lines, so that theprisoners would be conveniently close to their destination. As they were beingtransported, the soldiers kept telling the Jews to have hope. (3) When the campswere finally opened, most of the families who were shipped out together ended upbeing separated. Often, the transports were a sampling of what went on in thecamps, cruelty by the officers, near starvation of those being transported,fetid and unsanitary conditions on the trains. On the trains, Jews werestarved of food and water for days. Many people did not survive the ride toarrive at the camp. Jews were forced to obey the guards orders from themoment they arrive d at the camps. If they didnt, they would be beaten,put into solitary confinement or shot. The prisoners usually had marks ontheir clothes or numbers on their arms to identify them. The sanitary conditionsof the camps were horrible. There was only one bathroom for four hundredpeople. They had to stand for hours in snow, rain, heat, or cold for role-call,which was twice a day. Within the first few days of being at the camps,thousands of people died of hunger, starvation and disease. Other people diedfrom the cruel punishments of the guards; beatings and torture. Typhus, adisease caused by germs carried by flies, was the main disease that spreadthroughout the camps. Even when people were sick, they still continued workingbecause they did not see that sickness meant death. In 1937, 7,000 Jewswere in camps. By 1938, 10,000 more Jews were sent to camps. Jews weretaken to camps if they expressed negative feelings about the government, if theymarried a non-Jew, if they were sick (mentally or physically), or if they had apolice record. (4) When someone escaped from the camp, all the prisonersin that group were shot. Nazis, who claimed that they did not necessarily hateJews, but wanted to preserve the Aryan race, seemed to enjoy making the Jewssuffer. They also felt that slavery was better than killing their prisoners. Gold fillings, wedding bands, jewelry, shoes and clothing were taken fromthe prisoners when they first entered the camps and were sold. Surroundingsome of the camps in Poland was a forest, that the Jews who planned to escapewould flee into. Before the escaped prisoners got very far, they were killed. When the Germans caught a Jew planning a rebellion, and the Jew refused toname his/her associates, the Germans would bring everyone from his/her barracksout and force him/her to watch the Germans mutilate the others. The peoplewho could not run away from the camps dreamt about revolt. Special areas of acamp were set aside for medical experiments. One doctor in a medical unitperformed an experiment in sterilization. He injected a substance intowomens ovaries to sterilize them. The injection resulted in temperature andinflammation of the ovaries. Joseph Mengels, one of the most notoriousNazi doctors, hummed opera tunes when selecting among the new arrivals thevictims for the gas chambers or medical experiments. His women victims forsterilization were usually 20-30 years of age. Other experiments includedputting inmates into high pressure chambers to test the effects of altitude onpilots. Some inmates were frozen to (5) determine the best way to revive frozenGerman soldiers. (6) DEATH C AMPS The first death camp, Chelmno, wasset up in Poland on December 8, 1941. This was five weeks before the WannseeConference at which time the final solution was planned out. Usually,the death camps were part of existing camps, but some new ones were just set upfor this purpose. When the prisoners first arrived at the camps, those sent tothe left were transferred to death camps. When Jews entered the death camps,their suitcases, baby bottles, shawls, and eyeglasses were taken and were sold. Once in the death camps the prisoners were again divided. Women were sent to oneside to have their hair shaven and the men to the other. They were allsent to the showers, naked with a bar of soap, so as to deceive them intobelieving that they were truly going into a shower. Most people smelled theburning bodies and knew the truth. There were six death camps; Chelmno,Treblinka, Auschwitz (Birkenau), Sobibor, Maidanek, and Belzec. These camps usedgas from the shower heads to murder their victims. A seventh death camp,Mauthausen, used a method called extermination through labor. (7)AUSCHWITZ Auschwitz, located in Poland, was Nazi Germanys largest concentrationcamp. It was established by order of Himmler on April 27, 1940. At first, it wassmall because it was a work camp for Polish and Soviet prisoners of war. Itbecame a death camp in 1941. Auschwitz was divided into three areas:Auschwitz 1 was the camp commanders headquarters and administrative offices. Auschwitz 2 was called Birkenau and it was the death camp with forty gaschambers. Auschwitz 3 was a slave labor camp. On the gate ofAuschwitz was a sign in German which read, Arbeit macht frei, which means workmakes you free. Auschwitz included camp sites a few miles away from themain complex. At these sites, slave labor was used to kill the people. Theworking conditions were so poor that death was a sure result. In March26, 1942, Auschwitz took women prisoners, but after August 16, 1942 the womenwere housed in Birkenau. When the Jews arrived at Auschwitz, they were metwith threats and promises. If they didnt do exactly as they were told,they would be beaten, deprived of food, or shot. From time to time, they wouldbe assured that things would get better. The daily meals in Auschwitzconsisted of watery soup, distributed once a day, with a small piece of bread. In addition, they got extra allowance consisting of 3/4 ounce of margarine, alittle piece of cheese or a spoonful of watered jam. Everyone in the camp was somalnourished that if a drop of soup spilled (8) prisoners would rush from allsides to see if they could get some of the soup. Because of the badsanitary conditions, the inadequate diet, the hard labor and other torturousconditions in Auschwitz, most people died after a few months of theirarrival. The few people who managed to stay alive for longer were the oneswho were assigned better jobs. The prisoners slept on three shelves ofwooden slabs with six of these units to each tier. They had to stand for hoursin the wet and mud during role call, which was twice a day. Some people thoughtthe reason hundreds of people died, daily, was because when it rained they laywith wet clothes in their bunks. In place of toilets, there were woodenboards with round holes and underneath them concretes troughs. Two or threehundred people could sit on them at once. While they were on these troughs theywere watched in order to assure that they did not stay too long. There wasno toilet paper, so the prisoners used linings of jackets. If they didnt havethey might steal from someone else. The smells were horrible because therewasnt enough water to clean the Latrine, the so called bathrooms. When peoplewere loaded onto trains to be taken to the gas chambers, they were told thatthey were being resettled in labor camps. This was one of the manylies told. It was impossible for the Jews to make out which building was the gaschambers because they looked presentable from the outside, just like any otherbuilding. Over the gas chambers were well kept lawns with flowers borderingthem. When the Jews were being taken to the gas chambers, (9) they thought theywere being taken to the baths. While people were waiting for them baths,a group of women prisoners, dressed in navy skirts and white shirts, played verydelightful music. In Auschwitz, Jews were killed by something calledLykon B. It was hydrogen cyanide which was poured through the ceiling of the gaschambers and turned into gas. The S.S. commanders of Auschwitz preferred LykonB. because it worked fast. At first, there were five gas chambers inAuschwitz, the procedure for gassing was as follows : About 900 peoplewere gassed at a time. First they undressed in a nearby room. Then, they weretold to go into another room to be deloused, They filled the gas chambers likepacked like sardines. After a few minutes of horrible suffering, the victimsdied. The bodies were then transported to ovens where they were burned.The gas chambers were not large enough to execute great numbers at a time, socrematoria were built. The crematoria would burn 2,000 bodies in less than 24hours. An elevator would take them from the dressing room to the crematoria. Gay marriage EssayGold fillings, wedding bands, jewelry, shoes and clothing were taken fromthe prisoners when they first entered the camps and were sold. Surroundingsome of the camps in Poland was a forest, that the Jews who planned to escapewould flee into. Before the escaped prisoners got very far, they were killed. When the Germans caught a Jew planning a rebellion, and the Jew refused toname his/her associates, the Germans would bring everyone from his/her barracksout and force him/her to watch the Germans mutilate the others. The peoplewho could not run away from the camps dreamt about revolt. Special areas of acamp were set aside for medical experiments. One doctor in a medical unitperformed an experiment in sterilization. He injected a substance intowomens ovaries to sterilize them. The injection resulted in temperature andinflammation of the ovaries. Joseph Mengels, one of the most notoriousNazi doctors, hummed opera tunes when selecting among the new arrivals thevictims for the gas chambers or medical experiments. His women victims forsterilization were usually 20-30 years of age. Other experiments includedputting inmates into high pressure chambers to test the effects of altitude onpilots. Some inmates were frozen to (5) determine the best way to revive frozenGerman soldiers. (6) DEATH C AMPS The first death camp, Chelmno, wasset up in Poland on December 8, 1941. This was five weeks before the WannseeConference at which time the final solution was planned out. Usually,the death camps were part of existing camps, but some new ones were just set upfor this purpose. When the prisoners first arrived at the camps, those sent tothe left were transferred to death camps. When Jews entered the death camps,their suitcases, baby bottles, shawls, and eyeglasses were taken and were sold. Once in the death camps the prisoners were again divided. Women were sent to oneside to have their hair shaven and the men to the other. They were allsent to the showers, naked with a bar of soap, so as to deceive them intobelieving that they were truly going into a shower. Most people smelled theburning bodies and knew the truth. There were six death camps; Chelmno,Treblinka, Auschwitz (Birkenau), Sobibor, Maidanek, and Belzec. These camps usedgas from the shower heads to murder their victims. A seventh death camp,Mauthausen, used a method called extermination through labor. (7)AUSCHWITZ Auschwitz, located in Poland, was Nazi Germanys largest concentrationcamp. It was established by order of Himmler on April 27, 1940. At first, it wassmall because it was a work camp for Polish and Soviet prisoners of war. Itbecame a death camp in 1941. Auschwitz was divided into three areas:Auschwitz 1 was the camp commanders headquarters and administrative offices. Auschwitz 2 was called Birkenau and it was the death camp with forty gaschambers. Auschwitz 3 was a slave labor camp. On the gate ofAuschwitz was a sign in German which read, Arbeit macht frei, which means workmakes you free. Auschwitz included camp sites a few miles away from themain complex. At these sites, slave labor was used to kill the people. Theworking conditions were so poor that death was a sure result. In March26, 1942, Auschwitz took women prisoners, but after August 16, 1942 the womenwere housed in Birkenau. When the Jews arrived at Auschwitz, they were metwith threats and promises. If they didnt do exactly as they were told,they would be beaten, deprived of food, or shot. From time to time, they wouldbe assured that things would get better. The daily meals in Auschwitzconsisted of watery soup, distributed once a day, with a small piece of bread. In addition, they got extra allowance consisting of 3/4 ounce of margarine, alittle piece of cheese or a spoonful of watered jam. Everyone in the camp was somalnourished that if a drop of soup spilled (8) prisoners would rush from allsides to see if they could get some of the soup. Because of the badsanitary conditions, the inadequate diet, the hard labor and other torturousconditions in Auschwitz, most people died after a few months of theirarrival. The few people who managed to stay alive for longer were the oneswho were assigned better jobs. The prisoners slept on three shelves ofwooden slabs with six of these units to each tier. They had to stand for hoursin the wet and mud during role call, which was twice a day. Some people thoughtthe reason hundreds of people died, daily, was because when it rained they laywith wet clothes in their bunks. In place of toilets, there were woodenboards with round holes and underneath them concretes troughs. Two or threehundred people could sit on them at once. While they were on these troughs theywere watched in order to assure that they did not stay too long. There wasno toilet paper, so the prisoners used linings of jackets. If they didnt havethey might steal from someone else. The smells were horrible because therewasnt enough water to clean the Latrine, the so called bathrooms. When peoplewere loaded onto trains to be taken to the gas chambers, they were told thatthey were being resettled in labor camps. This was one of the manylies told. It was impossible for the Jews to make out which building was the gaschambers because they looked presentable from the outside, just like any otherbuilding. Over the gas chambers were well kept lawns with flowers borderingthem. When the Jews were being taken to the gas chambers, (9) they thought theywere being taken to the baths. While people were waiting for them baths,a group of women prisoners, dressed in navy skirts and white shirts, played verydelightful music. In Auschwitz, Jews were killed by something calledLykon B. It was hydrogen cyanide which was poured through the ceiling of the gaschambers and turned into gas. The S.S. commanders of Auschwitz preferred LykonB. because it worked fast. At first, there were five gas chambers inAuschwitz, the procedure for gassing was as follows : About 900 peoplewere gassed at a time. First they undressed in a nearby room. Then, they weretold to go into another room to be deloused, They filled the gas chambers likepacked like sardines. After a few minutes of horrible suffering, the victimsdied. The bodies were then transported to ovens where they were burned.The gas chambers were not large enough to execute great numbers at a time, socrematoria were built. The crematoria would burn 2,000 bodies in less than 24hours. An elevator would take them from the dressing room to the crematoria. It took 30 minutes to kill 2,500 victims, but close to 24 hours to burnthe bodies. Many Jews and non Jews tried to escape from Auschwitz. Somesucceeded. Of course they wanted to inform the world of what was going on. Thosewho escaped wrote descriptions of the horrors they suffered. Information spreadto many countries, yet no countries seemed to do anything to help the situation. In fact, as the war progressed, the number of prisoners increased. Intotal, between 1.5 and 3.5 million Jews were murdered at Auschwitz between the(10) years 1940 and 1945. Where were our brothers in America when millionsof Jews died? (11) CONCLUSION The Nazis, under Hitler, organized the destructionof the Jews. Why they did it is unknown. Perhaps it was because of a history oftension between the Christians and Jews, or perhaps, because Hitler needed ascapegoat for Germanys problems. People throughout history have been murdered;but never as many people as during the Holocaust in such a short period of time. 1/3 of all the Jews in the world were eliminated. The estimated total issomewhere around six million. This number included Jews from all over Europe. There were also 500,000 non- Jews murdered. Hitlers method of killing thejews and other undesirable people was first by torture and then by plain murder. In the early days of his leadership, he took away their rights as citizens andthen as people. They were treated like slaves and lived like animals. After1942, his goal was to exterminate all Jewish and unpure people. ManyJews were killed before that date, but they were a small number compared to themass murdering of the Holocaust. We Must Never Forget are thewords that every Jew must remember. By not forgetting, we are preventing anotherholocaust from occurring. We are also letting the entire world know and rememberthe millions of loved ones lost in the horrible killing that we call theholocaust. (12) BIBLIOGRAPHY Bauer, Yehuda. A History of the Holocaust. NewYork: Franklin Watts, 1982. Chartock, Roselle. The Holocaust Years: Society onTrial. New York: Anti-Defamation League of Bnai Brith, 1978. Gilbert, Martin. The Holocaust A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War. NewYork: Holt, Reinhardt Winston, 1985. Meltzer, Milton. Never to Forget theJews of the Holocaust. New York: Harper Row, 1976. Rossel, Seymour. TheHolocaust. New York

Enhancing Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings

Question: Describe about the Enhancing Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings? Answer: The per capita energy use is the mean energy use of the individuals in a financial unit, for example, a nation or city. It is figured by taking a measure of all wellsprings of pay in the total and separating it by the aggregate populace. It is frequently utilized as normal salary; it can likewise be utilized as a measure of the abundance of the number of inhabitants in a country, especially in correlation to different countries. Every capita wage is frequently used to gauge a nation's expectation for everyday comforts. It is typically communicated regarding a generally utilized universal coin, for example, the Euro or United States dollar, and is helpful in light of the fact that it is broadly known, effectively computed from promptly accessible GDP and populace gauges, and produces a valuable measurement for examination of riches between sovereign regions. This helps the nation to know their advancement status (Dongellini, Marinosci, Morini, 2014). In financial aspects, individual energy use alludes to a singular's aggregate income from wages, speculation endeavors, and different wanders. It is the total of every last one of wages really got by all the people or family amid a given period. Individual pay is that salary which is really gotten by the people or families in a nation amid the year from all sources. As indicated by the Energy Information Administration's insights, the every capita vitality utilization in the US has been to some degree predictable from the 1970s to today. The normal has been 334 million British warm units (Btus) every individual from 1980 to 2010. One clarification recommended for this is that the vitality needed to create the increment in US utilization of produced gear, autos, and different merchandise has been moved to different nations delivering and transporting those products to the US with a relating movement of green house gasses and contamination. In correlation, the world normal has expanded from 63.7 in 1980 to 75 million BTU's every individual in 2008. Then again, US "off-shoring" of assembling is frequently overstated: US household producing has become by half since 1980 (Annunziata, Rizzi, Frey, 2014). Family unit vitality use fluctuates altogether over the United States. A normal home in the Pacific area (comprising of California, Oregon, and Washington) expends 35% less vitality than a home in the South Central district. A portion of the local contrasts can be clarified by atmosphere. 2 Elective vitality alludes to vitality sources that have no undesired outcomes such for instance fossil powers or atomic vitality. Elective vitality sources are renewable and are thought to be "free" vitality sources. They all have lower carbon discharges, looked at to routine vitality sources. These incorporate Biomass Energy, Wind Energy, Solar Energy, Geothermal Energy, Hydroelectric Energy sources. Consolidated with the utilization of reusing, the utilization of clean option energies, for example, the home utilization of sunlight based force frameworks will help guarantee man's survival into the 21st century and past. 3 Allocation of energy in the society is a wicked problem since energy use varies from society to society and as well from individual to individual. The needs is not the same and hence difficult to allocate appropriately. Since the way of life incorporates such a variety of inefficient devices, there are numerous restorative moves we can make. Start with a vitality review of the home. There are prone to discover some no-expense vitality sparing measures one can take that won't antagonistically influence the nature of the life. References Annunziata, E., Rizzi, F., Frey, M. (2014). Enhancing energy efficiency in public buildings: The role of local energy audit programmes. Energy Policy, 69, 364-373. Dongellini, M., Marinosci, C., Morini, G. L. (2014). Energy Audit of an Industrial Site: A Case Study. Energy Procedia, 45, 424-433. Ingle, A., Moezzi, M., Lutzenhiser, L., Diamond, R. (2014). Better home energy audit modelling: incorporating inhabitant behaviours. Building Research Information, (ahead-of-print), 1-13. Norton, J. (2014). A how-to: Conduct an environmental audit in your library. OLA Quarterly, 13(4), 7-11. Norton, B. (2014). Introduction. In Harnessing Solar Heat (pp. 1-8). Springer Netherlands. Sadorsky, P. (2014). The effect of urbanization and industrialization on energy use in emerging economies: Implications for sustainable development. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 73(2), 392-409.

Money Mechanics in Banks System

The major business that is done by banks is the buying and selling of cash. This is how they make profits hence they are always willing to buy and sell cash to the customers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Money Mechanics in Banks System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Banks ensure that they transact well so that they can realize profits in the business transactions that they make. Banks always strive to ensure that cash deposits in a day’s transactions exceed withdrawal. Total deposits, which are made by customers in a business day, rarely exceed the total withdrawals by more than one percent. They are often retained at less than one percent. Banks maintain low cash reserves as most of the money is put to active business. Banks sell the money they get from customers to the Federal Reserve. This helps banks to increase their primary reserves (Ashby, pp. 55 -78). To ensure that banks do not misuse the mon ey that is deposited by customers, a banking legislation has been formulated in the US. This legislation demands the banks to have required reserves in order to avoid utilizing the money belonging to their customers in business. The required minimum amount of money in the primary reserve of banks does not include the deposit balances of customers. Reserve requirements are set at a certain percentage. Banks are thus expected to deduct this set percentage of the money deposited and add it to primary reserve. However, a bank may choose to hold an amount of money exceeding the minimum required in the primary reserve. The bank can raise its primary reserves by including both the required reserves and the additional amount referred to as the working reserve (Ashby, pp. 55 -78).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Banks gain substantially from the net deposits whiles they lose from net withdrawals. Net withdrawals have negative impacts on the reserves. Preventing net withdrawal is hard thus banks use the working reserve to offset the gap created by net withdrawal. Working reserves help to cushion banks from the insufficient reserve position which results from continued net withdrawals (Ashby, pp. 55 -78). Banks in the US raise their revenues in two major ways. They raise revenue through levying service charges on the accounts of their customers. Banks also raise revenues from excessive reserves. This is the major source of revenues for banks. The excessive reserves are invested in buying Treasury securities that are deemed to be safe and yield interest revenues. Treasury bonds are also referred to as secondary reserves. Secondary reserves support the primary reserves in yielding revenues for banks (Ashby, pp. 55 -78). Banks also generate revenues from lending money to its customers. Banks only lend money from their excessive reserves. The supply of money in the b ank is enhanced by lending activities. Banks are comfortable to lend money when they have excess reserves. Banks are extremely cautious when lending to customers. They usually limit their lending to an amount which does not exceed the excessive reserve. The lending activities in banks take place in cycles.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Money Mechanics in Banks System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Interest rates that are charged on the loans borrowed by customers affect the loan expansion process. The level of interest rates by banks impacts on the availability of the excess bank reserves and the willing borrowers (Ashby, pp. 55 -78). Banks avail loans when they have excessive reserves. Federal reserves are acquired from four major sources. These are: the purchasing of outstanding Treasury securities or bonds, reduction of the reserve requirements by banks, the net deposits of paper currency and coins by cus tomers and the choice of banks of operating with secondary reserves. Banks can choose to work with insignificant working reserves. This means that firms accept the risk of net withdrawals. In such cases, banks can transfer money into their working reserves. The regulatory legislation also allows banks to sell the Treasury bonds to raise excessive reserves (Ashby, pp. 55 -78). The loss of excessive reserves limits the lending exercise by banks. Banks loose excessive reserves through selling its treasury bonds, rise in reserve requirements by banks, net cash withdrawals and decisions to work with secondary or large working reserves. In general, the cash deposits made by customers allow banks to increase their lending. However, net withdrawals reduce the rates of lending by banks (Ashby, pp. 55 -78).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Ashby, David B. Money Mechanics. 2009. Web. This essay on Money Mechanics in Banks System was written and submitted by user Stella Horne to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Business Plan

Business Plan Corporate Objective Visite Brazil Company has the objective to be a leading provider of best-of-breed adventure and tour services to world tourist market. The company believes in offering the best quality services unmatched by other tour agencies in the industry.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Business Plan Visite Brazil Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Divisional Objectives The company embodies a culture of inclusivity that promotes the unity of purpose and teamwork. The core facet of the company is to offer the best environment for staff, customers and suppliers. Through this critical factor, all units endeavor to provide the best service within the provisions of harmonious coexistence. Marketing Objectives The company’s emphasis will be underpinned by the need to provide completely specialized services based on the market knowledge of the vacation destination and the services that shall meet th e demands of the customers. Visite Brazil company shall rely on the market research undertaken to underscore its market obligations. Market Forecasts The company projects that its sales shall increase substantially following the detailed market analysis based on the segment needs. According to Euro Monitor International (2009), the historical estimates indicate that tour needs have been neglected by lack of provision of customer-led services. Sales estimates anticipate gaining a larger market share compared to its competitors. Using historical figures, the company has projected sales of over $500, 000 for the coming activities in Brazil and its environs. Additionally, Visite Brazil believes that the number of unit services shall increase to about 5,000 single-person unit services and 1000 corporate-based unit services. Profitability of the company would increase to register profits of 65% as a percentage of the total unit sales. Direction The company assessment suggests that the ind ustry shall remain competitive in the next four years and later. While these challenges offer pressure for better business approaches, the company believes that its recognition of value and quality through provision of unique services shall aid to push it to an advantaged level (Euro Monitor International, 2009). Currently, the company’s valuation and strategic market analysis has shown that its ability to beat the market lies in the eventful provision of first-class tour and travel services. Additionally, the company underpins its performance on the nature and quality of its employees in delivering these services.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Rationale VB believes in respecting the varied cultural needs of its customers. Similarly, the company shall ensure that its service provision conforms to the legal and political legislations. The good relationsh ips shared between the company and the legal bodies will enable its proper functioning without bridge of the provisions of the law. Program Objective Pricing The concept of pricing is a critical component in the general progress of the company. To design the most sustainable pricing model, the company shall rely on the market surveys and research. The researches taken by its marketing team will be essential in modeling a price package that appeals to the economic needs of its customers as well as the cost aspects of the company. These sets of information have proven that pricing shall be undertaken in a differentiated manner (Jeanine, 2010). This is because of the heterogeneous nature of the clientele projected as the target market. Advertising and Promotion The promotional strategy depends mainly on making the right information available to the right target customer. The company shall make sure that those who have the budget and appreciate the product know that it exists, and know where to find it. The marketing team has to convey the sense of quality in every picture, every promotion, and every publication. The company anticipates shaping itself to appear in second-rate catalogs with poor illustrations that make the product look less than it is. They also need to leverage their presence using high-quality catalogs and specialty distributors. Sales and distribution Therefore, the service provision of the company shall follow a segmented marketing strategy. This is because the customers that shall be served by our company have varied needs and demands. The marketing unit has prepared inclusive approaches to help in boosting the sales of the business. Individualized and generalized marketing and distribution shall be helpful in meeting the marketing and sales prospects. Service The company has received an appointment as an agency for major suppliers of tour vacation packages throughout Brazil. The company is still negotiating for the lucrative alliance and part nership with the leading and major travel tour companies in the region. This plans aim at ensuring that the company affords a wide service portfolio in order to maximize its profits during the festive period of world cup. Apart from provision of the ordinary services, our company anticipates to differentiate its service offering from the rest of the competitors by promising safety and enjoyable customer service with a lasting experience. Some of the services shall include insurance, service directory, and informational services from both pre and post vacation packages.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Business Plan Visite Brazil Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company believes that selling tour related products would have far-reaching influence on the company’s overall profits. In conjunction with other service providers, Visite Brazil projects to offer inclusive services that would render it a one-stop tour agency. Monitoring and Controls Secondary Data In ensuring that the business gets on the right footing, the company has made use of the available historical records and data concerning the tour business. Comparative analysis of the previous sales, costs, profitability, and number of visitors shall serve to benefit the firm in respect of its projections. Sales reports To succeed in monitoring its sales and measuring them against the projected sales, our company shall utilize the periodic sales reports in evaluating its progressive movement. All the respective units of the company shall remain committed to market the company’s services and goods to meet the expected goals. Information Sources Primary Data The company has focused on gaining market knowledge in order to approach it from a market-led perspective. This aims at making Visite Brazil a tour agency firm of choice by all the prospective visitors visiting Brazil and other neighboring countries for both fo otball festivities and other recreational activities (Euro Monitor International, 2009) and (Mancini, 2009). The company shall undertake a market research and surveys in order to demonstrate the need for gaining first-hand information about the customers. The market surveys shall offer the company with requisite data, which shall be analyze. The analysis will aim at achieving themes necessary in explaining the market scenario. Although the secondary, records and data are relevant in informing the company, the survey data shall display the real demographics necessary in developing strategic decisions. Sales Records Actual sales reports shall be essential in enabling the sales and marketing department to estimate continuous progress in the company’s profitability and market share. The company estimates that it will achieve an average market share of about 20% of the total tour and travel market. Specialized Consulting firms The business of tour agency cannot be approached from a unidirectional perspective. Analysis of the industry reveals the industry needs in tour agency and progress shall rely on the strategic business alliances and partnerships. In order to strategically position the businessAdvertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consumer Panel Contingency Plans and Other Miscellaneous Documents Contingency Plans Although Visite Brazil has enacted strategic business plans that will take it through its operations, it believes that the challenges of the contemporary tourism industry. In order to enable Visite to cope with these inherent challenges, the management believes that setting up strategic plans capable of sustaining future uncertainties remain relevant to Visite Company. Visite Brazil Company is unique in its discovery and utilization of the high quality, executive level tour and travel niche. Therefore, it is possible that with our success and superior services, other well-established tour firms will release a competitive service line. However, VB focuses specifically on the high-end, technologically integrated aspect of tour services. With this exclusive concentration, VB can continue to focus its resources on producing the best executive level tour and travel services. Another possible challenge wo uld be the emergence of a new company in our niche. This however, would not constitute a great threat, as their initial market share would be minuscule, allowing us to strategize further for continued success. Finally, and tour and travel company may choose to begin marketing to our target market. This would not be overly threatening because VB products and services are inherently the best available due to the true artisanship and design involved coupled with its well-known excellent customer service (Singh, 2008). Alternative Strategies Strategic business positioning demands that affirm develops alternative business models that would help to leverage it in the future. Although there are many other players in the industry, VB believes in its reserved strategies and their ability to offer best alternatives in beating the market. The primary strategies shall include strategic expansion and differentiation in reaching the target markets and favorably competing (Mancini, 2009). However, the company believes that the application of the price leadership strategy would offer the best fallback means for positioning the business on a more competitive edge. This strategy shall be achieved by customizing the services in order to appeal to the loyalty of the customers (Jeanine, 2010) and (Singh, 2008). References Euro Monitor International. (2010). Travel and Tourism in Brazil. Retrieved from https://www.euromonitor.com/online-travel-sales-to-residents-in-brazil/report Jeanine, P. (2010). Brazil Wants You Clients. Retrieved from https://www.travelagentcentral.com/destinations/brazil-wants-your-clients Mancini, M. (2009). Selling Destinations: Geography for the Travel Professional. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Singh, L.K. (2008). Marketing in service industry: airline, travel, tours and hotel. New York, NY: Gyan Publishing House.

Love season Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Love season - Case Study Example Cellphones are able to catch high-quality images that had been accessible from the late nineties. The interrelations amid the markets, commodities and technologies were turning out to be increasingly complicated and it was hard for the mobile operators to handle the development of every mobile software elements and services internally. Sasken had Japanese operators bundling their labeled devices with their service plans. Therefore, it was very significant for cellphone operators to come up with robust links with handset manufacturers and technology enablers to meet the demands of the customers. Besides overseas advancement, Sasken made use of actual procedures and technologies along with an effectual organizational climate, communication and coordination issues. The exchange of bulky worksheets was unwieldy and complex, leading to inadequacies in bug recording, solving and monitoring procedures (Sridhar & Vadivelu, 2008, p. 20). In such companies, communication is two-way and individualized or may be targeted at specific segments. They seek to build long-term relationships with customers by promoting the company’s products that are most valuable to the customer at any given

Cusstom of The Country by Edith Wharton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cusstom of The Country by Edith Wharton - Essay Example The force and power of Wharton's words is felt throughout the book. In the last chapter, Paul Marvell, home for Easter, finds himself completely alone in the huge 'museum-like' hotel that is to be his home. The descriptions of the rooms with their empty splendor and that of the library with its untouched volumes, is gripping. The reader cannot miss the empathy that Paul feels with Vandyke's Grey Boy with his face "infinitely noble and charming, and yet (in spite of the dog) so sad and lonely that he too might have come home that very day to a strange house in which none of his old things could be found" (Chapter 46). With a few well chosen adjectives and phrases - "the white fur rugs and brocade chairs seemed maliciously on the watch for smears and ink-spots" (Chapter 46), "none of the new servants--they were always new" (Chapter 46), "massive unused inkstands and immense immaculate blotters; not a single volume had slipped its golden prison" (Chapter 46), Wharton has made the very l oneliness the boy feels to emanate from the book and grip the reader. In the scene where the Spragg family gathers for breakfast, Wharton describes the settings superbly.

To Compare the Financial Aspirations and Dealings of Gutenberg with Essay

To Compare the Financial Aspirations and Dealings of Gutenberg with those of Garamond - Essay Example The new ideas that Fussel (2005) notes were not new ideas at all, but ancient ones – humanism, which was based upon classical ideals. The humanistic ideals, which includes an emphasis upon the individual, were, however, merged with the prevailing doctrine of the church, so that the church morality teachings were infused in the classical ideology, making the ideology more mature. These were not the only ideas which were broadly disseminated – other ideas which focused upon solving societal problems were also widely read in the Europe after the printing press, and, since intellectuals and scholars had access to others’ ideas, debate on these topics was made easier. This, in turn, led to intellectual ideas and debates being widely held throughout Europe (Abel, 2011). That said, according to Norman (2005), these new ideas were threatening to the church, as they often conflicted with the church’s teaching. Therefore, the church instituted greater censorship, wh ile also using the Gutenberg press as a tool to better disseminate its own information to the mass. Another important development was that businesspeople were able to afford manuscripts which helped them run their business. Before the printing press, only the richest could afford manuscripts, as these manuscripts were painstakingly made by religious clerics, therefore the production was very expensive (Abel, 2011). This led to greater economic development, and, as Dittmar (2010) notes, cities flourished because of this greater capacity for economic development. This, in turn, led to greater macroeconomic growth patterns throughout Europe, as businesspeople were better able to expand their business and individuals throughout Europe became better educated and better able to take advantage of economic growth. Therefore, Europe changed dramatically after the printing press was invented. This essay details these socioeconomic and religious changes. Discussion According to Fussel (2005), one of the ways that the Gutenberg printing press changed Europe was that it essentially enabled a merge of the classical tradition of the Greeks and the Romans with the prevailing ethos of society. Before the printing press, there was not a way to spread the message of the classical societies. After the printing press, Latin studies flourished, as did different ideas from what the church had been teaching. These ideas include the belief in the individual, and Fussel (2005) explains that the Gutenberg press allowed Europe to merge the classical ethos with the current ethos of the church. This merging was known, according to Fussel (2005) as â€Å"humanistic theology,† which refers to the merging of the classical tradition with medieval theology. Thus, the Gutenberg press allowed a re-emergence of humanism and intellectualism, yet still recognizing the teachings of the church, which was that man is fundamentally flawed and must seek grace. What essentially occurred, according to Fussel (2005) was that the Europeans took the lessons of the classical societies, the humanistic traditions, and brought it â€Å"closer to God† (Fussel, 2005, p. 73). According to Abel (2011), the merging of the classical and humanist traditions with the church teachings was not the only intellectual revolution which was enabled by the Gutenberg press – Abel (2011) states that intellectuals were able, through the Gutenberg invention, to formulate and disseminate theories which were

Internal Communication and Organizational Changes

Internal Communication and Organizational Changes Internal Communications and Organizational Changes Budi Santoso Introduction Institutional changes are unavoidable. It happens to any kinds of organizations; no matter how stiff the structure is (we can take military institution as a sample). One significant factor that holds important role in the process of change is communication. Change, however, requires communication supports, not only formal but also informal. When interaction and social doings among leaders and staffs within organizations has to be established according to the needs of change, communication about this is necessary (Vos and Schoemaker, 2001, p. 101). Therefore, internal communications holds a vital role to make a desired change successful. The basic idea of this is that internal communication’s role ranges from communicating to stimulating the process of change (Vos and Schoemaker, 2001, p. 100). In this paper, writer should focus on one of internal communications functions, namely, communicating the facts of the intended change to the inside stakeholders. The reason for this is that changes can possibly create a lack of clarity and uncertainty amongst inside stakeholders (Vos and Schoemaker, 2001), hence the need for information is relatively large. More importantly, to communicate the change to staff and employees is a significant initial phase within the whole process of change. Organizations, as stated by Vos and Schoemaker (2001), are basically based on collaboration (p. 81). All sections are interconnected, and by that, are interdependent. All parts are directed to involve in mutual cooperation to realize or achieve organizations’ goals which are usually manifested in their missions. The output of mutual cooperation among all segments is based on the quality of internal communication which takes place. Organizational structure cannot obviously be separated from internal communication as it, essentially, is resulted from communication process that happened continuously within an organization. Structures save us time and trouble, while they help us build on past experience (Cheney et al, 2004, p. 20). However, the climate of internal communication of an organization should actually be developed from symmetrical systems of communication. In this paper, I try to explain how the organizational structure regulates internal communication climate in organizations, as the way in which people communicate depends strongly on the nature of organization (Vos and Schoemaker, 2001), by giving reasonable arguments which I elaborated from several sources. Organizational Structure Cheney et al (2004) symbolized structure of organization as a skyscraper: a tall building with many rooms and main parts, such as pillars or roofs, which are used to hold the whole divisions to stand up. The main part of organizations, then, is the communication atmosphere which colors the works spirit of all manpower to give their ideas, energy and services for the sake of their organizations. Online business dictionary (2007) defined organizational structure as formal and informal Framework of policies and rules, within which an organization arranges its lines of authority and communications, and allocates rights and duties. Organizational structure shapes the manner and degree to which roles, power, and responsibilities are delegated, controlled, and coordinated, and how information flows between levels of management. Structure is aimed to give shape and direction to internal communication activities that take place, whether it is vertical or horizontal. On the other hand, type of structure determines coordination and cooperation process within organizations. Internal communication is vital if an organization is to function properly (Vos and Schoemaker, 2001). Internal communication climate and structure of organization Grunig, in his writing Systems of Internal Communication (1992), quoted Schneider (1985), wrote that the concept of communication climate came from organizational psychology. It refers to a psychological atmosphere in organization like warm, tolerant, and participative. The values of communication climate can cover some features such as consistency, credibility, trust, openness, accuracy and frequent communication. However, there are also negative senses such as intolerant, rigid or imbalanced communication atmosphere that could result in ineffectiveness in organizations. Effendy (1983, in Ruslan, 2007) internal communication which exists in organization can be categorized in three. First is vertical communication. This kind of communication is centered on two ways aspect. Downward and upward communications principally are manifestation of vertical communication. Nonetheless, in downward style, management stands the instruction, information, explanation, or delegation to person in charge in the units or their subordinates. In upward, subordinates give reports, suggestions, or even complaints to their direct managers. Second is horizontal communication. This sort of communication takes place amongst ordinary employees or staffs, or managers in the same level. Cross communication can also be come about in horizontal communication. Presently, structure of organizations has massively been developed. The most common and traditional type, bureaucracy where most decisions are centralized, has no longer been the one and only, even though some big business and governmental offices still use it. The terminologies such as boundaryless or virtual organizations have been popular amidst organizational scholars and adopted by many organizations. Some high-tech firms in Silicon Valley, USA, for instance, have been organizing themselves to implement a relatively flat structure (Cheney et al, 2004), where the decision making power is distributed and the divisions have varying degrees of autonomy. Flat structure is often used by organizations where their works are fundamentally about new ideas (Cheney et al, 2004). This happens as a result to cut off the stagnation in communication flows within the organizations and to drive a favorable work atmosphere. Vos and Schoemaker (2001) confirm this by saying that structure offers a framework for the processes occurring in organizations. The differentiation and specialization in organizations as described in units, or departments may probably be potential to induce unclear communication processes, particularly in big organizations or corporations who applies rigid bureaucratic model. Specialization, in other words, may mystify and exclude other departments’ staffs since each has its own language or jargon. Organizations with many divisions or levels will be likely to have more basic problems in their internal communication compared to organizations who adopt simple structure, if procedures and guidelines are not established in good order. This means that inconsistency in performing the guidelines, for instance, may emerge unclear job responsibilities and, in turn, can lead to significant communication problems. More divisions, levels or employees, of course, will cause extra managerial efforts to reach mutual relationships to get common sense in reaching organizations’ ends. Vos and Schoemaker described this condition by stating that communication problems about who is doing what can originate in problems of the structure (2001, p. 96). Simply saying, flat and fluid organizational structure may give leaders more chances to interact informally with their subordinates to get feedback or to give constructive motivation. Motivation, as one important factor to achieve work quality, can be improved by the way leaders communicate. Leaders may increase their credibility before the employees by, perhaps, showing them their trustworthiness, openness and appreciation. In some extent, these characters can raise employee’s motivation to improve their job performance as well as to experience job satisfaction. Writer tried not to say that flexible or simple structures are better than conventional ones, as they have their own strength and weakness. However, the type or size of organization which can be drawn up from its structure undeniably also affects the way internal communications carried out and determines the quantity and quality of it. Military institutions, for example, may not have fluid and informal structure since their philosophy is based on chain of commands and thus, centralized. If an army adopts fluid structure, it can even jeopardize its internal communication since there is a solid system in rank stratification. Communicating the Change Internal communications is required not only to let members of organization know about the change which is going to take place but also to keep the process of it running properly. Cheney, Christensen, Zorn, Ganesh (2004) stated that communication is the means by which change is implemented, as implementers negotiate plans, announce changes (p. 339). To communicate the facts about the desired change to inside stakeholders, in this case shareholders, staff and workforce calls for good strategies. Excellent internal communications plans and actions are needed to result in less-turbulent reaction of the insiders. It is a common thing that not everyone in organization becomes aware or even expects changes. And yet, as told by Cheney et al (2004), change is considered successful if it is accepted by key stakeholders rather than rejected; is compatible between the intended use of designer and the actual use of user; and give benefit to the organizations as well. The prominent key of announcing the intended change is based on how to handle the flows of information regarding the change itself. Vos and Schoemaker underlined that Information about change should be managed well and provided timely to prevent rumours (Vos and Schoemaker, 2001, p. 110). This entails the need that inside stakeholders would better receive the information from the management directly and at the first place, not from external parties such as media or their counterparts from other organizations. The facts should be communicated as clear and concise as possible to reduce uncertainty and anxiety among them. Furthermore, management should consider the possibility of messages may not be heard or be met with cynicism of the stakeholders. Mental noise may stop people from receiving messages. Practical ways to support the change It is crucial that management classifies and selects message delivery methods which suit the circumstances and the need of the receivers by conveying the information constantly and frequently as well as using selective channels that fit to types of target stakeholders. For instance, if the change is large-scale and will relatively give profound impact to most frontline employees, like downsizing or outsourcing, it is much better that the top executives not to directly communicate this to them. It will be more appropriate to delegate this task to frontline supervisors as frontline employees usually do not trust top executives (Cheney et al, 2004, p. 331). Frontline supervisors may have closer and more emotional relationship with frontline employees than those at middle or top management. Trust is usually built on intense, direct interaction. Basically, management can communicate the change through multiple channels, including speaking, writing, video, training, focus groups, bulletin boards, Intranets, and more. Again, it always depends on the kinds of changes. For example, management can apply internal media like bulletin boards or intranet as well to introduce a new design for corporate newsletter. Using generally accessible internal media to announce a small-scale change seems to be better than personal ones as this can save money and energy. This means that organization treats all stakeholders (staff and workforce) equally to give everyone fair notice of the change (Cheney et al, 2004, 332). Especially to shareholders, personal approach or media like individual calls or special meeting may be more effective as they own the organization and their claim on organizational resources is often considered superior to the claims of other inside stakeholders (Jones, 2004, p. 32). Persuading those who do not accept (opponents) or are still floating (potential promoters and hidden opponents) concerning the change is included in communicating stage. It is very possible that management will get resistance from shareholders, staff and employees who feel uneasy. They may think that the change will bring uncertainty to their future and may threaten their positions (some kinds of changes like downsizing or restructuring will, indeed, threaten some people). Basically, rejection and uncertainty could also be possible as a result of lack of information about the change itself. To cope with it, management can arrange a kind of meeting, for instance, small group gathering, and invite this group or its representatives to talk over about the change by giving clear and comprehensive understanding about it. On the other hand, in persuading the resistance, negotiation may appear to be a wise way to compromise with the existing interests. At this stage, the planner should stimu late the process of change by providing transparency. Communicating the change also includes facilitating the process of change by giving appropriate trainings or exercises to keep the change in line with the programmed procedures. Facilitating the change is directed to provide more information through education for the involved stakeholders to strengthen their knowledge and skills related to the change. In this stage, getting and providing regular feedback and updates will be useful. It is important for executives and managers to know what sorts of responds emerge, such as acceptance, commitment, and productivity (Cheney et al, 2004, p 330). Taking feedback is not a linear process which is conducted only at the end of the intended change. It is actually a circular process that covers the whole phase of the change. For instance, an input from employee about the new-adopted administration filing system may force a reconsideration of the original formulation. By getting feedback, management can measure the ongoing process and do improveme nts if needed. Conclusion As a summary, writer finds out that in order to achieve successful desired change, organization should be able to constitute applicable communication plan to announce the change to their inside stakeholders. Well-planned strategy mitigates chances that the change will be rejected by inside stakeholders. Proper action will ultimately increase the organisation’s ability to get and take feedback effectively. Writer also comes to a conclusion that structure of organization really affects the climate of internal communication. On my perspective, today’s organizations need to have more fluid and flexible structure in order to have clearer and transparent communication flows. But, I believe that organizational structure is not the only thing involved as there are some other significant factors like culture or economic reasons which also have to be taken into account. However, we should remember that based on the fact, 90 per cent of intended change were not suitable with the expectation (Becht, 2008). This implicates that actually the successful change is not merely determined by the methods it is communicated. The current internal communications climate in the organization may possibly affect the successful of the change. Bibliography Becht, Agaath. 2008. Presentation on Change management, presented on January, 17 2008. The Hague: The Hague University. Cheney, George. Christensen, LT. Zorn, JR, TE. Ganesh, Shiv. 2004. Organizational Communication in Age of Globalization: Issues, Reflection, Practices. Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc. Jones, Gareth R. 2004. Organizational Theory, Design, and Change (4th Edition). NJ: Prentice Hall Vos, Marieta. Schoemaker, Henny. 2001. Integrated Communication: Concern, Internal and Marketing Communication (2nd Edition). Utrecht: LEMMA Publishers Organizational Structure. (2008, January 10). BusinessDictionary.com, The free online business dictionary. Retrieved January 10, 2008, from Business Dictionary Website: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organizational-structure.html *Dosen PNSDpk Kopertis II Palembang

Essay --

In recent years the number of organizations is rising, consequently the competition between them is increasing. In order to remain competitive ability, organizations should provide high performance in production. For identifying what leads to high productivity, the key elements of organization should be analyzed. It’s obviously that the core of any organization is human element. There is not product without employee, and consequently there is not organization without workforce. Human naturally has aim in doing any action. People study for working, and then they work for earning and try to find their places in society. Though they seem always have aim and toward which they go forward. However, some people can’t decide what they want, and refuse doing attempts to change anything in their boring life. The same situation may occur in workplace. Furthermore, workers doing the same work every day, they often feel dull and bore from their work, as a result productivity starts decreasing. Therefore the organization’s leadership and management have been searching out various effective methods which lead workforce to high level of performance for many years. Researches and studies determined that employee should be motivated and engaged, moreover it was determined that it is responsibility of organization’s leadership and management to engage and motivate workforce. Consequently, as Gordon said, ‘Now the main job of leaders and managers are to motivate employee’ (Gordon, 2010). This assignment is going to point out why and how leadership and management of the organization responsible for engaged and incentive workforce. Therefore, firstly will be studied the nature of motivated workforce, engaged workforce and difference between terms of l... ...ng their way. The reson of this is that another organizations’ leaders and mangers didn’t focus on psychological factor. They didn’t pay attention to the behaviour and treatment. The employees of Toyota were intrinsic motivated and they believed to their purpose concerned with the future of the company. In the own way this trust and purpose were appeared with efforts of leaders and manager. As can be seen from above discussion, management and leadership take a large amount of importance in engaging and motivating workforce. Because, the aim of leaders and managers is amplify the productivity of organization. The level of productivity of the organization rises if performance of the employees increases. Consequently the performance of employees depends on the amount of their motivation. Apparently the leadership and management role in engaging workforce is very big.

Cultural anthropology Essay

Cultural anthropology is one of the most important fields of anthropology that explores cultural variation among people and promotes culture as a meaningful scientific concept. The aim of this paper is to explore the key concepts, such as subsistence practices, economic systems, issues w/social stratification, marriage practices, kinship and marital residence, political life, religion and arts, and issues w/globalization or the environment, taking, as a case in point, African culture. Subsistence Practices In 1930s the researchers developed a better classification based on peculiarities of the subsistence practices (the methods and sources used by society to get the food and other necessary things in order to survive). This classification, being based on economic differences, was much more effective, as far as a culture is â€Å"directly related to its economy† (O’Neil, 2006). In such a way, the world cultures were divided into four types according to the subsistence practices: foraging (gathering wild plants and hunting), pastoralism (herding domesticated animals), horticulture (low intensity farming), and intensive agriculture (large scale farming). Intensive agriculture is the primary subsistence practice of such large-scale, populous society like Africa. Moreover, three fifth African citizens are subsistence farmers. Africa has a well-developed agricultural sector that provides for the most domestic needs. In addition, the country exports wool, corn, tobacco, peanuts, sugar, and other important farm products. Economic System Different types of culture have different economic systems, not only in terms of the scale (e. g. isolated, small-scale economies vs. large-scale economies), but also in terms of their systems of production (the subsistence practices), distribution and exchange. African economic system consists of industry, trade and resources of the nations of African countries. Africa is considered to be the poorest inhabited continent in the world. Its poverty is partially rooted in its history due to uncertain transition from colonialism. Being the country with poor economy, Africa has no complex market exchange system. African agricultural sector employs approximately sixty per cent of the country’s inhabitants. The most important exports are petroleum and minerals. Investment and banking is very problematic due to the country’s uncertain economy. Issues w/social stratification People are social human beings; and, having a need in social contact they live in isolation quite rarely. Social institutions and social groups have their own specific functions, which may overlap and are interconnected in multiple complex ways. Manifest functions are obvious, while latent functions are more difficult to discover and are less apparent. In all social groups people have a social status and a certain role to fulfill. Status is a â€Å"relative social position within a group† (O’Neil, 2006), while a social role is â€Å"the part our society expects us to play in a given status† (O’Neil, 2006). Alike other countries, Africans achieve statuses in two basic ways: the achieved social status is one the person acquires by doing something, whereas the ascribed status is the â€Å"result of being born into a particular family or being born male or female† (O’Neil, 2006) (e. g. some casts in African indigenous tribes). Social groups in Africa are organized on a basis of age, gender, common interest (e. g. avocation (fraternal organizations), vocation (trade unions), common residence (neighborhood organizations), religious belonging (membership in a certain church), past experience (veterans clubs), political beliefs (political parties), to mention a few. Marriage practices Marriage is â€Å"the socially recognized union of two or more people† (O’Neil, 2006), which functions as a glue in the organization of society. It is generally referred to as an efficient way to regulate heterosexual intercourse by determining â€Å"who is socially accepted as a sexual partner and who is not† (O’Neil, 2006). After the marriage, all other people, except of the souse, are treated as off limits for sexual access. Different societies have different views on sexual access restrictions, and, therefore, have different marriage practices. For example, in Africa marriage partner selection to a great extent depends on complex rules, which vary significantly from region to region. In addition, the concepts of beauty are also considerably different in different cultures (e. g. African countries consider large and pump bodies to be attractive, while European countries prefer slim women). Ttraditionally, African marriage is a kind of alliance between the kin groups. As well as in other countries, marriage partner selection restrictions in Africa imply two basic categories: exogamy and endogamy rules. Exogamy rules insist that marriage should occur outside of a certain social group (e. g. family) (in other words, exogamy explains who the person cannot marry), while endogamy rules require that the marriage should be â€Å"within some larger group, such as the local community† (O’Neil, 2006) (in other words, endogamy explains who the person is recommended to marry). For example, in Zambia a woman is not allowed to seek for marriage (it is a taboo). Pre-colonial marriage in Africa was a kind of transaction between the two kin groups, where the bridewealth was paid to the bride’s family. During the period of colonialism polygyny (the marriage of more than one spouse at a time) was a common practice. Nowadays, the vast majority of African countries have serial monogamy (a â€Å"marriage to multiple spouses but only one at a time†) (O’Neil, 2006) Kinship Kin groups are very important part of African culture. Kinship is a culturally determined relationship between the people who are â€Å"commonly thought of as having family ties† (O’Neil, 2006). African culture uses kinship to classify people and to form social groups. Yet, as with other cultural practices, kinship patterns and rules are different for different types of country’s region. African kinship is â€Å"the most important social organizing principle along with gender and age† (O’Neil, 2006), because it â€Å"provides a means for transmitting skills and property from generation to generation† (O’Neil, 2006). No wonder that inheritance rights are predominantly based on kinship ties. Marital Residence Alike the vast majority of societies, African newly married couples rarely establish their own residence. Instead, they generally become a part of compound household occupied by relatives or a part of existing household. There are several types of residence in Africa: Patrilocal residence (when a couple establishes their home not far from or in the groom’s father’s house). It is the most common type of marital residence followed by the vast majority of African population; Matrilocal residence (when a newly married couple establishes their home not far from or in the bride’s mother’s house); Avunculocal residence (a couple establishes their home not far from or in the groom’s maternal uncle’s house); Ambilocal residence (when a newly married couple establishes their home not far from or in the bride’s or groom’s house); Neolocal residence (when a newly married couple establishes their home independent of both sets of relatives). Other types of marital residence (e. g. virilocal, uxorilocal, and natolocal) occur very rarely in African culture. Political life Alike all other countries, Africa has some sort of political system, because the politics is a â€Å"competition for power over people and things† (O’Neil, 2006). The simplest type of political systems can be presented in bands and tribes (in Ancient Africa and some modern African indigenous tribes). These kinds of societies are acephalous (Greek – without a head) (with no leader in the sense we commonly expect) (O’Neil, 2006). Tribes are a little bit more complicated system, compared to the band. Nowadays, modern Africa has plenty of political structures organized into bureaucracies of positions. Each of them has different levels of power, responsibility and authority. African Union (AU) consists of all Africa’s states except Morocco. African Union has a parliamentary government (the AU Government) and consists of judicial, legislative and executive organs. It is headed by the Head of State and the AU President Gertrude Ibengwe Mongella. Religion Generally, religion is a system of beliefs that usually involves the worship of supernatural beings and/ or forces. Religion plays an important role in African culture, as far as it introduces a kind of order â€Å"in what might otherwise be seen as a chaotic existence† (O’Neil, 2006) and provides the meaning and understanding for inexplicable things and events. African religious people define religious beliefs as the core of their world views. Sub-Saharan African traditional religion revolves around ancestor worship and animism. Indigenous African religion divides the ancestor spirits into two categories: helpful and harmful and involves the performance of rituals (a stylized and repetitive act that occurs at a set time and location and involves the use of symbolic words, objects and actions). African religion has psychological and social functions. It helps people confronting and explaining death, fears, and anxiety about the unknown and supernatural. They can â€Å"provide a basis for common purpose and values that can help maintain social solidarity† (O’Neil, 2006). In addition, there are many other religions in Africa, such as Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, to mention a few. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, about 46. 5% of all Africans are Christians and another 40. 5% are Muslims with about 11. 8% of Africans following indigenous African religions. African Art African culture enjoys a rich tradition of crafts and arts, such as brass, leather art works, woodcarvings, paintings, sculpture, pottery, religious and ceremonial headgear and dress, to mention a few. As far as Africans devote much attention to personal appearance, jewelry is the most important personal accessory. Traditionally, Africans make jewelry from cowry shells. The art of making masks is one of the most important aspects of African culture. There are several themes widely used in African art and craft. Couple theme is one of the most interesting, because, unlike in European cultures, the couple theme rarely expresses the intimacy between man and woman. Instead, the couples are most likely to represent married couple, ancestors, twins, and community founders, etc. Mother’s or woman’s theme is the second most important theme in African art. It embodies the woman’s desire to have a child, and may symbolize mother earth. The depiction of the man with the weapon or depiction of animals traditionally symbolizes power and honor. Issues w/globalization or the environment Africa is the country solely dependent on rains, global warming may cause devastating effect on the country by worsening the food supply and, consequently, exacerbating the widespread poverty in the entire African continent. Moreover, it is assumed that the reality of globalization for African continent is dramatically environmentally destructive and the human influenced environmental catastrophe in Africa is worsened by the impact of globalization that may result in further devastation of the continent. References O’Neil, D. D. (2006, November 30). Cultural Anthropology. Retrieved May 24, 2007, from http://anthro. palomar. edu/tutorials/cultural. htm

Annual Salaries of Top US Government Officials

Annual Salaries of Top US Government Officials Traditionally, government service has embodied a spirit of serving the American people with a degree of volunteerism. Indeed, the salaries these top government officials tend to be lower than those for private-sector executives in similar positions. For example, the $400,000 annual salary of the president of the United States reflects a great degree of â€Å"volunteerism† compared to the nearly $14 million average salary of corporate CEOs. Executive Branch President of the United States 2019: $400,0002000: $200,000 The presidents salary was increased from $200,000 to $400,000 in 2001. The presidents current salary of $400,000 has an additional $50,000 expense allowance. As commander in chief of the world’s most modern and expensive military, the president is considered the most powerful political figure in the world. Having control of a number of nuclear weapons second only to that of Russia, the president is also responsible for the health of the world’s largest economy and the development and application of U.S. domestic and foreign policy.   The salary of the president of the United States is set by Congress, and as required by Article II, Section 1 of the United States Constitution, may not be changed during the president’s term in office. There is no mechanism to automatically adjust the presidents salary; Congress must pass legislation authorizing it. Since legislation enacted in 1949, the president also gets a non-taxable $50,000 annual expense account for official purposes. Since enactment of the Former Presidents Act of 1958, former presidents have received a lifetime annual pension and other benefits including staff and office allowances, travel expenses, Secret Service protection and more. Can Presidents Refuse the Salary? America’s Founding Fathers never intended for presidents to become wealthy as a result of their service. Indeed, the first presidential salary of $25,000 was a compromise solution reached with delegates to the Constitutional Convention who argued that the president should not be paid or compensated in any way. Over the years, however, some presidents who were independently wealthy when elected have chosen to reject their salaries. When he took office in 2017, 45th President Donald Trump joined first President George Washington in vowing not to accept the presidential salary. However, neither of them could actually do that. Article II of the Constitution- through its use of the word â€Å"shall†- requires that the president must be paid: The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. In 1789, Congress decided that the president did not get to choose whether to accept the salary. As an alternative, President Trump agreed to keep $1 of his salary. Since then, he has carried through on his promise by donating his $100,000 quarterly salary payments to various federal agencies, including the National Parks Service and Department of Education. Prior to Trump’s gesture, Presidents John F. Kennedy and Herbert Hoover donated their salaries to various charities and social causes. Vice President of the United States 2019: $235,1002000: $181,400 The vice presidents salary is decided separately from that of the president. Unlike the president, the vice president gets the automatic cost of living adjustment given to other federal employees as set annually by Congress. The vice president gets the same retirement benefits as those paid to other federal employees under the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS). Cabinet Secretaries 2019: $210,7002010: $199,700 The salaries of the secretaries of the 15 federal departments that comprise the  President’s Cabinet  are set annually by the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) and Congress. The cabinet secretaries- as well as the White House chief of staff, Environmental Protection Agency’s administrator, the director of the Office of Management and Budget, the U.N. ambassador and the U.S. trade representative- are all paid the same base salary. As of fiscal year 2019, all of these officials were paid $210,700 per year.   Legislative Branch - US Congress Rank-and-File Senators and Representatives 2019: $174,0002000: $141,300 Speaker of the House 2019: $223,5002000: $181,400 House and Senate Majority and Minority Leaders 2019: $193,4002000: $156,900 For purposes of compensation, the 435 members of Congress–Senators and Representatives–are treated like other federal employees and are paid according to the Executive and Senior Executive pay schedules administered by the U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM). The OPM pay schedules for all federal employees are set annually by Congress. Since 2009, Congress has voted not to accept the annual automatic cost of living raise paid to federal employees. Even if Congress as a whole were to decide to accept the annual raise, individual members are free to turn it down. Many myths surround the retirement benefits of Congress. However, just like other federal employees, members of Congress elected since 1984 are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System. Those elected prior to 1984 are covered by terms of the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS). Judicial Branch Chief Justice of the United States 2019: $267,0002000: $181,400 Associate Justices of the Supreme Court 2019: $255,3002000: $173,600   District Judges 2019 $210,900 Circuit Judges 2019 $223,700 Like the members of Congress, federal judges–including Supreme Court justices–are paid according to the OPM’s Executive and Senior Executive pay schedules. In addition, federal judges get the same annual cost of living adjustment given to other federal employees. Under Article III of the Constitution, the compensation of the Supreme Court justices â€Å"shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.† However, the salaries of lower federal judges may be adjusted without direct constitutional constraints. The retirement benefits of Supreme Court justices are indeed â€Å"supreme.† Retired justices are entitled to a lifetime pension equal to their highest full salary. In order to qualify for a full pension, retiring justices must have served for a minimum of 10 years provided the sum of the justices age and years of Supreme Court service totals 80.

Subject Of Life Example

Subject Of Life Example Subject Of Life – Coursework Example OF LIFE of Life An inherent value by virtue of life presents the equality for both animals and human beings. Therefore, Tom Regan opposes people’s approaches and the nature of handling animals. Instead, he suggests that people should minimize suffering and strengthen pleasure while treating all living organisms regardless of the associated consequences (Regan, 1985, pp. 1). The respect entails adoption of views such as non-utilitarianism. The overall theme involves experiencing the subject of a life.Experiencing subject of a lifeExperiencing the subject of a life refers to the state whereby a being is more than just a receptacle. The state respects the demands of a conscious creature. The concept illustrates that every organism with an inherent value is equal in all aspects. Therefore, the creatures have a substantial welfare, expectations, and recall events (Regan, 1985, pp. 5). Experiencing life demonstrates in frustrations or satisfactions based on events and treatments tha t beings receive. In turn, it drives differences in the experienced quality of lives. Thus, every living creature deserves a fair and same treatment. Subject of a life and equal inherent valueHolders of life possess equal natural rights. The concept justifies equality in handling of all beings with life including animals. The decision is beyond human debate because inherent values and life do not depend on religion, sex, skills, or intelligence (Regan, 1985, pp. 6). Furthermore, every form of life deserves respect from a moral perspective of the intrinsic values and their specific roles in promoting sustainability. In this regards, violating the rights of the less privileged is a gross misconduct. Animals and rights to freedom and lifeIn the same spirit, animals are living creatures with unusual obligations. The animals also deserve the right to proper treatment and respect. Hence, the concept justifies that even though animals cannot consent, human beings should abolish the misuse of animals in research, science, and agriculture. Animals have the right to freedom and safe habitats. ReferencesRegan, T. (1985). The Case for Animal Rights. In P. Singer, In Defense of Animals (pp. 13-26). New York: Basil Blackwell,

5 marketing questions ( please use relatively marketing concepts) Essay

5 marketing questions ( please use relatively marketing concepts) - Essay Example ey are planning to buy not only for the producers, but also from the general public, people they know and those who are total strangers (Kozinets, De Valck, Wojnicki & Wilner 2010, p. 74). Some of these people who have previously used the product or service in question can give important information that might be useful for decision makings. In online communities the quality of information that is availed to consumers is very essential. Despite the fact that online communities can be important to consumers because of the fact that they get the information from fellow consumer, the marketing department of certain products and services usually have very little say about the quality of information that is communicated to consumers. This can be said to be a weakening factor to marketing departments globally (Cheung, Lee & Rabjohn 2008, p. 232). As days go by, the power of giving information that influence decision making on products and services is gradually moving from the hands of marketing departments to the hands of consumers. Given the fact that online consumer communities influence the choice of consumers of on which products or services to consume, marketers should be cautious of this shift of power. By this awareness they should at making greater use of online consumer communities to affect the consumption of their products and services (Clarke & Flaherty 2005, p. 88). One thing that they should have in mind is that whenever targeting online communities of consumer, they should take into consideration the fact that the effectiveness of the use of these communities always differs by culture (Hennig†Thurau, Gwinner, Walsh & Gremler 2004, p. 44). For instance, a research that was carried out in the difference in the use of online consumer communities between individualism communities and communism communities, it was discovered that they were more effective in the communist countries. It is undeniable that the shift of power for product promotion is shifting

Communication with the media Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communication with the media - Assignment Example Anticipatory contact helps to defend an organization from negative publicity (Pedersen, Miloch, & Laucella, 2007). During the interview and anticipatory contact, the sports manager should first review the positive side of the player. For example, the manager may analyze the awards and trophies that the player has helped the team to win. The manager should then go ahead and point out the positive personality of that player before mentioning the mistake that the player made. However, the sports manager should maintain a positive attitude towards the player even when mentioning the mistake (Stoldt, Dittmore, & Branvold, 2006). For example, he may argue that the player is trying his best to change the behavior with the help of others. At the end of the session, the manager should once again point out the good side of the player and what he has helped the team to achieve. In the case of the three new players, the sports manager should release this information using a press release, media guides, and fact sheets. Media guides and fact sheets contain all the relevant information about an organization that may be given out to the media (L’Etang, 2013). The press release, on the other hand, is a short article containing two to five statements about a certain event. In this case, the press release of the team will inform the public about the names of the new players and the reason for hiring them to work for the team. When releasing the press release, that is when the sports manager may give out fact sheets and media kits to media persons who attend the event and are interested in knowing more about the team (Stoldt, Dittmore, & Branvold, 2006). In the third case about superstar players who have achieved notable goals, the organization should use conferences and interviews. A conference is an event where the whole team attends an interview with the aim of relaying certain information to the public

The Consequences of Alcohol Abuse in Seminole County Florida Research Paper

The Consequences of Alcohol Abuse in Seminole County Florida - Research Paper Example Etiology, Prevalence and Effect of the Alcohol Abuse in the Nation and in the Seminole County Florida The Etiology of the Alcohol Abuse The alcohol abuse is commonly recognized as a medical problem. The exact reason behind the alcohol abuse is yet not confirmed. Alcohol abuse is also known as alcoholism and it basically rises due to the surroundings and the alcohol practices in the family or friends. But in most of the cases, the reason behind alcoholism is a psychiatric problem such as, depression, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, isolation, poverty, and shyness among others. The other reason for alcohol abuse can be the acceptance and the desire to feel the same outcomes repeatedly due to the alcohol intake (HelpGuide, 2011). Prevalence of Alcohol Abuse According to the survey among the students of Florida in 2006, it was noticed that 58.4% students have tested alcohol at least once in their life time. The report also stated that the rate of consumption of alcohol among the studen ts of the middle school was 40.4% and for the students of the high school the rate was 72.0%. Comparing this report with the 2010 statistics, it was observed that the usage of alcohol is relatively lower than the year 2006. The statistics for the Seminole County students have revealed that prevalence of indulgent drinking reduced by 1.5% points among the students of middle school and among the ‘high school students’ the reduction was 3.4% points. This survey was done in relation to the youth of Florida and their alcohol habits (Florida Department of Children & Families, 2006; Florida Department of Children & Families, 2010). The Effects of Alcohol Abuse on the Health of the Nation The effects of the alcohol abuse have a huge impact on the health of the nation. The economy of a country gets affected by the cost for alcoholism. Alcohol abuse creates problems in the families worldwide, and it also affects the country and its economy. The families of the sufferer spend a lo t for the diseases caused by the alcohol abuse. A survey in the US says that the cost for drunk driving is wasting a considerable part of the economy of the country, also many people died due to such act. The other affect on the nation is the social and the medical cost for the alcohol abuse, as alcoholism can damage the society and its properties. Even in the workplace the alcohol abused employees affect the environment of the office. And the organization also generally has to pay the medical cost for the alcohol abused employee. Not only the costs, the alcoholism also affects the employment and the job potential. Due to the alcoholism an employee can harm the process of a work in the work place. The increase in alcoholism would increase the violence in the society. Alcohol abuse has become a threat to the nation all over the world (MacPherson, 2007). The Aggregate Population at Risk Alcoholism or alcohol abuse is a problem which involves not only a particular group of people rathe r affects almost everyone in the society. Alcoholism is a threat to the society and it includes the users as well as the non users of alcohol. In a particular society the effect of alcoholism is active for the dependent users and the effect is passive for the non users. Whenever a person drinks heavily his or her family, friends, and child get affected. When a person is

Health and Social Care Essay Example for Free

Health and Social Care Essay P2: Describe the Origins of Public Health Policy in the UK from the 19th Century to the Present Day. 1837- The law started registering births, marriages and deaths and began to notice differences in areas. This was because of diseases going round and many people were dying. They wanted to figure out where about the illnesses were most common. 1848- The Liberal government brought the Public Health Act into law. 1849- Unfortunately, a massive amount of 10,000 people died from the disease cholera. 1853- Vaccination for smallpox was made compulsory and started by Edward Jenner; this was because a great amount of people were getting ill and dying from it. 1870- The government forced local authorities to educate people about diseases, so that they then knew and could learn about them and help to prevent any more. 1875- Public Health Act forced local authorities to provide clean water, have proper drainage and appoint medical offices for each area. This was to improve deadly diseases and illnesses which were continuing to harm people. 1906- In this year free school meals law came about. 1907- Medical school examinations for children were introduced. 1918- The British Prime Minister Lloyd George promised soldiers returning home from the war, ‘Homes fit for Heroes’. It was important for people to have a good home environment. 1921- The local authorities were required to set up TB clinics. 1934- The government passed the free school milk act and local councils were encouraged to give poor children free school meals. This was because they were unfortunate and were not getting the correct amount of food and drink and it could have affected their health. 1942- Sir William Beveridge published a report on the best way of helping people on low income. 1944- Clement Attlee created the NHS based on the proposals of the Beveridge Report white paper published. 1948- On the 5th July the new NHS was launched. 1970- Margret Thatcher became the new Secretary of State and demanded cuts on four main areas: further education fees, library book borrowing charges, school meal charges and free school milk. 1980- Black Report came about, discussing inequalities in health between the rich and poor. It aimed to reduce child poverty, reintroducing free schools meals and milk, improving housing, employment, schools and more. 1998- Acheson Report, Acheson was asked to review inequalities in England and identify priority ones for the development of health. 1999- â€Å"Saving Lives Our Healthier Nation† this was what the Labour government released as a health strategy. P1: Describe key aspects of public health strategies. There are many strategies that have been used and have had a positive and a negative outcome when tried out in cities. Firstly, monitoring the health status of the population, this is where tracking changes and alerting people to potential problems would happen. An example for this would be ‘Census’ this where every 10 years since 1801 the nation chooses one day to do the census survey. In the survey it consists counting all people and households. Overall it’s the most complete information source that the population that the nation has. The most recent census survey was held on the Sunday 27 March 2011. Identifying the health needs of the population is a strategy that can and has been used within the population. In this strategy we are identifying implications of trends and patterns to services. A good example is in schools or any type of educating/studying places or just general talks where people are being taught about diabetes, better dieting and exercise. This would help peoples health increase more by having the knowledge about this. In addition, another strategy that has been used around the population is to develop programmes which would then try and reduce risks and screen for diseases. Doing this would reduce ill health by looking at and identifying people that are at risk and then promoting health. Years gone by the population have tried this strategy; for example, doing cancer research, advertisement programmes to let people know and smear tests. Controlling communicable disease, this is where programmes and schemes are made and brought out that are immunisation programmes which are there to reduce the impact of diseases. The nation for many years and are continuing on doing the same have TB injections. This is an example of controlling the communicable disease. These injections are there to immune human bodies to illness and disease which is called Tuberculosis. Furthermore, another strategy when it comes to public health is promoting the health of the population. Many companies and groups of people have experimented on trying to accomplish this. By doing this they have been promoting health activities to improve their health and their fitness. A lot of the programmes are basically trying to engage people so they understand they need to improve their health so they don’t turn obesity and generally just too improve and increase their fitness level. Planning and evaluating health and social care provision this is where the nation is accessing and impacting of health services. In every city there needs to be health services to help anyone that is in need. One of the services that are in many cities is the contraception service. These are companies that give tips and advice to young people that are sexually active. They also hand out free condoms so young girls don’t get pregnant when they are not ready and don’t want too. Finally, target setting, this is where targets are all set to reduce disease and to improve health. For example, pregnancy is a target where the nation wants to reduce how many young girls get pregnant. To reduce this contraception is purchasable in every supermarket, pharmacy’s etc†¦ In addition, there are companies that give away free contraception to reduce teenage pregnancy. Not only does contraception help prevent pregnancy but prevents people catching sexually transmitted diseases like HIV, Chlamydia and syphilis. M1: compare historical and current features of public health. Things that happened years ago have all changed to nowadays; either by a few changes but still very similar or dramatically changed in a positive way. Firstly, access to medical care. Years ago medical care in the 19th century was not very good. The hospitals were very basic, many beds in a large room (ward) there were very rarely curtains around the beds for privacy because in those days clothes were short and extra material would be made into clothing. Also, they may not have been very clean, they were hygienic to work in but for people that were very ill they may of made that person more poorly. Clinics were similar; they had the basic bed to check patients on and the small amount of medicines. Not all the time did they have the correct suitable medication for patients. So some patients may have had to suffer for longer than what they should off because it was hard to get medication that was going to cure what the patients had. They had doctors but not many; there would probably be one in each area. For them it would be hard work because if hundreds of people became ill they would have to try and cure and help all of them as soon as possible before anything spread to others or if it became worse. Nowadays, everything has improved since the 19th century. Hospitals are extremely huge with thousands of beds and many nurses and Doctors that are there to help and make people better. The beds and wards are much more advanced now; each bed is a medical bed than can be adjusted electrically. There are also curtains and clean beddings on each bed and gets changed more regular than what it would of years ago. Millions of pounds have been spent on machinery in the hospitals that help prevent patients getting more ill than what they are. For e.g. Ventilators they help people breathe if they are not capable to do so themselves while there body is mending itself. Clinics that we have in the days have improved over the years. If anyone has a problem they can walk in to a clinic or make an appointment at the Doctors/Pharmacy to be checked out. Most often, people that need medication are prescribed for their medicines and can get it straight away. Or if not straight away, within in the next day or so if it is needed to be ordered in. There are many more Doctors in each area, so it is easier for people to be seen to when they have a problem or not feeling very well. This is good because if there was an illness going round and a lot of people were getting it, the Doctors could help prevent other people catching it by asking them to come in and be immune with medicine so they do not become ill. Housing in the 19th century was extremely poor. In March 1840, the government were so concerned about sanitation and living conditions that they set up a Parliamentary Health Select Committee to report on Health of Towns. Its findings revealed the scale of overcrowding; this was causing extreme filth and diseases that resulted up in a widespread death. There would be a bunch of houses probably in a group of 10 that were in a block, usually with a down stairs and upstairs. For middle class people families would be living in 1 room together or if they had enough money and they were lucky they would get half of a house. All the houses would share the toilets which were outside the buildings. This caused a lot of disease because of all the natural waste of other people that others had to be around and had to use the toilet after when they wasn’t clean at all. People would become very ill and then it would spread to others which caused a large amount of people in an area to have a serious illness which most probably would lead to death. These days, housing has increasingly changed. They are much cleaner and people own them there self and do not have to share unless it isn’t their property and it’s a home that holds many people. People also rent houses that they can then say its there’s until they move out and is then owned by someone else. People have money for cleaning products to clean their house which is good because if nothing was cleaned people could become poorly from filth that can cause infection’s and diseases that people could then catch. Each and every house has either 1 or more toilets within the household. Neighbours do not have to share a toilet outside the house like they used too, they all just share within their house mates, which is so much cleaner. However, even though the housing conditions have improved by a lot in the past years, there are still some areas that are poorly looked after which affect people living around there. There are council houses all over each city that people live in but they do not own it it’s the councils and usually these houses are not in the best condition because people in it cannot afford to look after it properly. Many new drinks were invented in the 19th century and early 20th century. India Pale Ale was first made about 1820. Pimms was invented in 1823. The first golden lager was invented in Bohemia (Czech Republic) in 1842 by a man named Joseph Groll. The widget for beer cans was patented in 1985. Back in the day there were quite a few drinks about and people would happily drink them. Even if they didn’t know what was inside of them. It was mainly work men that consumed the most. After work they would head to a bar of somewhere that sells alcohol and they would have a few people they went home to see their family. Through the 1800’s young children could drink there was no law to say there was a restricted age on drinking alcohol. However in 1923 a law was passed in Britain banning the sale of alcohol to people under 18. People may not of known how much they could drink until it would become dangerous. People were drinking non-stop at some points a then became very poorly. In Britain these days, the same law is around for the no drinking unless 18 years or over. However, when buying alcohol now if the person looks under the age of 25 years the person that is selling the alcohol needs to ask for an ID to make sure they are not selling it to someone that is under aged. Britain has also been known to be called ‘Binge Britain’ this is because so many people binge drink every week. Every night and especially on the weekends a lot of people end up in hospital getting their stomach pumped because they have consumed too much alcohol and have passed out because they are so dehydrated and their body cannot handle any more of the bad liquid. Income from the 19the century to now has changed massively. Years ago people would work hard and for long hours of the day and get paid such small amounts. In the 1800’s wages and average living standards were extremely low and 45% would actually amount to very little. In 1834 the weekly wage of an average agricultural worker was nine shillings. Its the equivalent of 45p and would be worth just under  £48 today. A lone mother would get just over four shillings a week, roughly the equivalent of 20p, which would be worth an estimated  £19 today. This could of and most probably effected peoples health because they may not off been able to afford certain products for themselves or their family. Someone may have been poorly and needed particular items to make them better and if they couldn’t be bought then that person would have to suffer, Nowadays wages are different to what they used to be.